Epratenz may be available in the countries listed below.
Eprosartan mesilate (a derivative of Eprosartan) is reported as an ingredient of Epratenz in the following countries:
Hydrochlorothiazide is reported as an ingredient of Epratenz in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Theophylline Bruneau may be available in the countries listed below.
Theophylline monohydrate (a derivative of Theophylline) is reported as an ingredient of Theophylline Bruneau in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Bellergamin may be available in the countries listed below.
Phenobarbital is reported as an ingredient of Bellergamin in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Ransana may be available in the countries listed below.
Ranitidine is reported as an ingredient of Ransana in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Clavurol may be available in the countries listed below.
Amoxicillin trihydrate (a derivative of Amoxicillin) is reported as an ingredient of Clavurol in the following countries:
Clavulanic Acid potassium (a derivative of Clavulanic Acid) is reported as an ingredient of Clavurol in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Captopril Arrow may be available in the countries listed below.
Captopril is reported as an ingredient of Captopril Arrow in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Antihistalone may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Chlorphenamine maleate (a derivative of Chlorphenamine) is reported as an ingredient of Antihistalone in the following countries:
Prednisolone is reported as an ingredient of Antihistalone in the following countries:
Prednisolone 21-acetate (a derivative of Prednisolone) is reported as an ingredient of Antihistalone in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Alfugen may be available in the countries listed below.
Alfuzosin hydrochloride (a derivative of Alfuzosin) is reported as an ingredient of Alfugen in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Rhinofrenol may be available in the countries listed below.
Oxymetazoline hydrochloride (a derivative of Oxymetazoline) is reported as an ingredient of Rhinofrenol in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Indapamide Pensa may be available in the countries listed below.
Indapamide is reported as an ingredient of Indapamide Pensa in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Gensia may be available in the countries listed below.
Amlodipine besilate (a derivative of Amlodipine) is reported as an ingredient of Gensia in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Magacil may be available in the countries listed below.
Magaldrate is reported as an ingredient of Magacil in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Biatain-Ibu may be available in the countries listed below.
Ibuprofen is reported as an ingredient of Biatain-Ibu in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Efemolina may be available in the countries listed below.
Fluorometholone is reported as an ingredient of Efemolina in the following countries:
Tetryzoline is reported as an ingredient of Efemolina in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Welldorm Elixir
Each 5ml of Welldorm Elixir contains 143.3mg of Chloral Hydrate BP.
For excipients see 6.1
Oral Solution
Welldorm elixir is used for the short-term treatment of severe insomnia which is interfering with normal daily life and where other therapies have failed.
Welldorm should be used as an adjunct to non pharmacological therapies.
In children aged 2-11 years treatment should be as an adjunct to behavioural therapy and sleep hygiene management, and usually for duration of less than 2 weeks
The use of hypnotics in children and adolescents is not generally recommended and if used should be under the supervision of a medical specialist
Route of administration: oral. Welldorm should be administered as a single daily dose, 15-30 minutes before bedtime with water or milk.
Adults and children 12 years and over: The usual dose is 15-30ml (430 –860 mg). Higher doses should not exceed a maximum of 70ml of elixir (2g chloral hydrate) per dose.
Elderly: Dosage as for adults except for the frail elderly or those with hepatic impairment, where a reduction in dose may be appropriate.
Children (between 2 and 11 years): 1–1.75 ml/kg (30-50mg/kg) of bodyweight. The dose should not exceed 35ml (1g) chloral hydrate.
Children (under 2 years): not recommended
Welldorm Elixir should not be used in patients with a marked hepatic or renal impairment, or in patients with severe cardiac disease. Should not be used in patients susceptible to acute attacks of porphyria.
Elderly patients are more likely experience the undesirable effects of hypnotics such as ataxia and confusion which may lead to falls and injury. For use in the frail elderly it is recommended that a lower dose be administered. (See 4.2 Posology and method of administration)
Best avoided in the presence of gastritis and in patients who have previously exhibited an idiosyncrasy or hypersensitivity to chloral hydrate.
Alcohol potentiates the sedative effect. Chloral hydrate followed by intravenous frusemide may result in sweating, hot flushes and variable blood pressure including hypertension due to a hypermetabolic state caused by displacement of thyroid hormone from its bound state. Dilerium may occur, especially in the elderly, particularly when used in conjunction with psychotropics or anticholinergics. In patients taking anticoagulants, when chloral hydrate is added to or withdrawn from the drug regimen, or its dosage changed, careful monitoring of the prothrombin time is required.
Chloral Hydrate may interfere with laboratory tests of thyroid function
Welldorm Elixir should not be used in pregnancy and lactation.
Patients receiving Welldorm Elixir should be warned that their ability to drive or use machinery may be impaired by drowsiness.
Gastric irritation, abdominal distension and flatulence may occur. Excitement, tolerance, allergic skin reactions, headache and ketonuria have occasionally been reported. There is a danger of abuse or chronic intoxication and the possibility that habituation may develop. In such patients gastritis and parenchymatous renal injury may develop. After long term use sudden withdrawal may result in delirium.
Elderly patients are more susceptible to the undesirable effects of hypnotic medications such as Welldorm and are therefore more susceptible to ataxia, confusion, falls and injuries.
The signs and symptoms of overdose involve the cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous systems. These may include: respiratory depression, arrhythmias, hypothermia, pin-point pupils, hypotension or coma. Gastric irritation may result in vomiting and even gastric necrosis. If the patient survives, icterus due to hepatic damage and albuminuria from renal damage may appear. Serious problems have arisen with doses as little as 4g and 10g can be fatal. Overdosage should be treated with gastric lavage or inducing vomiting to empty the stomach. Supportive measures must be used. Haemodialysis, and in some cases haemoperfusion, have been reported to be effective in promoting the clearance of trichloroethanol.
Welldorm Elixir is a chloral hydrate derivative, which leads to a decrease in sleep latency and in the number of awakenings. A near natural sleep is induced and the REM/Non-REM ratio is not altered.
Chloral hydrate and its metabolite trichloroethanol act as central nervous system depressants. Chloral hydrate is rapidly absorbed from the stomach, and starts to act within 30 minutes. It is widely distributed throughout the body, and is metabolised to trichloroethanol, also an active hypnotic, and trichloroacetic acid in the erythrocytes, liver and other tissues. It is excreted partly in the urine as trichloroethanol and its glucuronide, urochloralic acid, and as trichloroacetic acid. Significant amounts are also excreted in bile. Trichloroethanol has a plasma half life of the order of 8 hours. Trichloroacetic acid has a half-life of several days. In infants the half lives are longer. The value for trichloroethanol is 35 hours whilst for trichloroacetic acid the half life exceeds 6 days, with significant plasma concentrations present at 14 days.
Chloral hydrate induces liver tumours in male mice, with no tumourigenic effects in rats. The mechanism of tumour induction is not known, but in the absence of clear evidence of mutagenic and clastogenic potential it is unlikely to be relevant in man.
Glycerol
Liquid glucose
Sodium benzoate
Saccharin sodium
Ponceau 4R (E124)
Sunset Yellow (E110)
Essence of passion fruit (containing natural flavours, artificial flavours and Propylene Glycol(E1520))
Purified water
None known
18 months
Store below 25°C. Protect from direct sunlight.
Amber glass bottle with child-proof plastic screw cap, containing either 150ml or 30ml of Welldorm Elixir, presented in a carton.
Syrup BP should be used as a diluent.
Marlborough Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 35A High Street, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 1LW
PL 23138/0016
August 2011
Prescription Only Medicine (POM)
Biométhasone may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Dexamethasone 21-(disodium phosphate) (a derivative of Dexamethasone) is reported as an ingredient of Biométhasone in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Apteor may be available in the countries listed below.
Fenofibrate is reported as an ingredient of Apteor in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Rec.INN
N05AG03
0026864-56-2
C28-H27-Cl-F5-N-O
523
Neuroleptic
4-Piperidinol, 1-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]-4-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-
International Drug Name Search
Glossary
| BAN | British Approved Name |
| DCF | Dénomination Commune Française |
| IS | Inofficial Synonym |
| OS | Official Synonym |
| Rec.INN | Recommended International Nonproprietary Name (World Health Organization) |
| USAN | United States Adopted Name |
Tranexid may be available in the countries listed below.
Tranexamic Acid is reported as an ingredient of Tranexid in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Bactoscrub may be available in the countries listed below.
Chlorhexidine digluconate (a derivative of Chlorhexidine) is reported as an ingredient of Bactoscrub in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Farmavon may be available in the countries listed below.
Bromhexine hydrochloride (a derivative of Bromhexine) is reported as an ingredient of Farmavon in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Enaf may be available in the countries listed below.
Medroxyprogesterone 17α-acetate (a derivative of Medroxyprogesterone) is reported as an ingredient of Enaf in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Phthizoetham may be available in the countries listed below.
Ethambutol is reported as an ingredient of Phthizoetham in the following countries:
Isoniazid is reported as an ingredient of Phthizoetham in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Rasilez may be available in the countries listed below.
UK matches:
Aliskiren is reported as an ingredient of Rasilez in the following countries:
Aliskiren hemifumarate (a derivative of Aliskiren) is reported as an ingredient of Rasilez in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Glossary
| SPC | Summary of Product Characteristics (UK) |
Ranitid may be available in the countries listed below.
Ranitidine is reported as an ingredient of Ranitid in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Cisplatino Ebewe may be available in the countries listed below.
Cisplatin is reported as an ingredient of Cisplatino Ebewe in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Tavinex may be available in the countries listed below.
Ambroxol hydrochloride (a derivative of Ambroxol) is reported as an ingredient of Tavinex in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Klomipramin Mylan may be available in the countries listed below.
Clomipramine hydrochloride (a derivative of Clomipramine) is reported as an ingredient of Klomipramin Mylan in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Freenal may be available in the countries listed below.
Oxymetazoline hydrochloride (a derivative of Oxymetazoline) is reported as an ingredient of Freenal in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Femen may be available in the countries listed below.
Ibuprofen is reported as an ingredient of Femen in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide Almus may be available in the countries listed below.
Hydrochlorothiazide is reported as an ingredient of Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide Almus in the following countries:
Losartan potassium salt (a derivative of Losartan) is reported as an ingredient of Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide Almus in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Angiazem may be available in the countries listed below.
Diltiazem hydrochloride (a derivative of Diltiazem) is reported as an ingredient of Angiazem in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Chloropt may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Chloramphenicol is reported as an ingredient of Chloropt in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Piracétam Qualimed may be available in the countries listed below.
Piracetam is reported as an ingredient of Piracétam Qualimed in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Ciprofloxacino Sumol may be available in the countries listed below.
Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (a derivative of Ciprofloxacin) is reported as an ingredient of Ciprofloxacino Sumol in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Claritromicina Edigen may be available in the countries listed below.
Clarithromycin is reported as an ingredient of Claritromicina Edigen in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Ledoren may be available in the countries listed below.
Nimesulide is reported as an ingredient of Ledoren in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Fabudol may be available in the countries listed below.
Piroxicam is reported as an ingredient of Fabudol in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Lisinopril Rimafar may be available in the countries listed below.
Lisinopril dihydrate (a derivative of Lisinopril) is reported as an ingredient of Lisinopril Rimafar in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Tiamulin Fumarate may be available in the countries listed below.
Tiamulin Fumarate (BANM, USAN) is also known as Tiamulin (Rec.INN)
International Drug Name Search
Glossary
| BANM | British Approved Name (Modified) |
| Rec.INN | Recommended International Nonproprietary Name (World Health Organization) |
| USAN | United States Adopted Name |
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
In the US, Ciloxan (ciprofloxacin ophthalmic) is a member of the drug class ophthalmic anti-infectives and is used to treat Conjunctivitis - Bacterial, Corneal Ulcer and Ophthalmic Surgery.
US matches:
UK matches:
Ciprofloxacin is reported as an ingredient of Ciloxan in the following countries:
Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (a derivative of Ciprofloxacin) is reported as an ingredient of Ciloxan in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Glossary
| SPC | Summary of Product Characteristics (UK) |
Adreson may be available in the countries listed below.
Cortisone 21-acetate (a derivative of Cortisone) is reported as an ingredient of Adreson in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Flash Insektizidhalsband may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Dimpylate is reported as an ingredient of Flash Insektizidhalsband in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Lactacyd Infantil may be available in the countries listed below.
Lactic Acid is reported as an ingredient of Lactacyd Infantil in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Carsil may be available in the countries listed below.
Silibinin is reported as an ingredient of Carsil in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
In the US, Galantamine (galantamine systemic) is a member of the drug class cholinesterase inhibitors and is used to treat Alzheimer's Disease.
US matches:
Rec.INN
N06DA04
0000357-70-0
C17-H21-N-O3
287
Anti-dementia agent
Enzyme inhibitor, acetylcholinesterase
1,2,3,4,6,7,7a,11c-octahydro-9-methoxy-2-methylbenzofuro[3a,3,2-ef][2]-benzazepin-6-ol
International Drug Name Search
Glossary
| BAN | British Approved Name |
| BANM | British Approved Name (Modified) |
| DCF | Dénomination Commune Française |
| DCIT | Denominazione Comune Italiana |
| IS | Inofficial Synonym |
| OS | Official Synonym |
| PH | Pharmacopoeia Name |
| Rec.INN | Recommended International Nonproprietary Name (World Health Organization) |
| USAN | United States Adopted Name |
Ethopil may be available in the countries listed below.
Piracetam is reported as an ingredient of Ethopil in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Ficam may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Bendiocarb is reported as an ingredient of Ficam in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Androcur Depot may be available in the countries listed below.
Cyproterone 17α-acetate (a derivative of Cyproterone) is reported as an ingredient of Androcur Depot in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Exocine may be available in the countries listed below.
Ofloxacin is reported as an ingredient of Exocine in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Antitrombine III Immuno may be available in the countries listed below.
Antithrombin III is reported as an ingredient of Antitrombine III Immuno in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Ethambutol Hydrochloride (BANM, USAN) is known as Ethambutol in the US.
International Drug Name Search
Glossary
| BANM | British Approved Name (Modified) |
| USAN | United States Adopted Name |
Roxicilline-Medichrom may be available in the countries listed below.
Roxithromycin is reported as an ingredient of Roxicilline-Medichrom in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Amoxicilline Ranbaxy may be available in the countries listed below.
Amoxicillin trihydrate (a derivative of Amoxicillin) is reported as an ingredient of Amoxicilline Ranbaxy in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Torpace may be available in the countries listed below.
Ramipril is reported as an ingredient of Torpace in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Benzylthiouracile may be available in the countries listed below.
Benzylthiouracile (DCF) is also known as Benzylthiouracil
International Drug Name Search
Glossary
| DCF | Dénomination Commune Française |
Myovin may be available in the countries listed below.
Nitroglycerin is reported as an ingredient of Myovin in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Leucovorine Teva may be available in the countries listed below.
Calcium Folinate is reported as an ingredient of Leucovorine Teva in the following countries:
Calcium Folinate pentahydrate (a derivative of Calcium Folinate) is reported as an ingredient of Leucovorine Teva in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Ibuprofen-ratiopharm may be available in the countries listed below.
Ibuprofen is reported as an ingredient of Ibuprofen-ratiopharm in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Bromika may be available in the countries listed below.
Bromhexine hydrochloride (a derivative of Bromhexine) is reported as an ingredient of Bromika in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Mepyramin SAD may be available in the countries listed below.
Mepyramine maleate (a derivative of Mepyramine) is reported as an ingredient of Mepyramin SAD in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Bicalutamid-1A Pharma may be available in the countries listed below.
Bicalutamide is reported as an ingredient of Bicalutamid-1A Pharma in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Lice Care may be available in the countries listed below.
Malathion is reported as an ingredient of Lice Care in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Boi K Aspartico may be available in the countries listed below.
Potassium Ascorbate is reported as an ingredient of Boi K Aspartico in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Azulensol may be available in the countries listed below.
Sodium Gualenate is reported as an ingredient of Azulensol in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Rec.INN
0006829-98-7
C19-H24-N2-O
296
Antidepressant, tricyclic
5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-propanamine, 10,11-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-, N-oxide
International Drug Name Search
Glossary
| Rec.INN | Recommended International Nonproprietary Name (World Health Organization) |
Kelfen may be available in the countries listed below.
Ketoprofen is reported as an ingredient of Kelfen in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Rulicin may be available in the countries listed below.
Roxithromycin is reported as an ingredient of Rulicin in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Amoxycillin Trihydrate may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Amoxicillin trihydrate (a derivative of Amoxicillin) is reported as an ingredient of Amoxycillin Trihydrate in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Tetsol may be available in the countries listed below.
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Tetracycline hydrochloride (a derivative of Tetracycline) is reported as an ingredient of Tetsol in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.
Chloramphenicol is reported as an ingredient of Tevcocin in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Lenchence may be available in the countries listed below.
Bifonazole is reported as an ingredient of Lenchence in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Indapamid Hemihydrate Generics may be available in the countries listed below.
Indapamide hemihydrate (a derivative of Indapamide) is reported as an ingredient of Indapamid Hemihydrate Generics in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
Flexodon may be available in the countries listed below.
Glucosamine sulfate (a derivative of Glucosamine) is reported as an ingredient of Flexodon in the following countries:
International Drug Name Search
RISPERDAL
RISPERDAL LIQUID
RISPERDAL Quicklet
*Intensive monitoring is requested only when used for the recently licensed indications of short-term treatment of persistent aggression in Alzheimer's dementia and conduct disorder in children
Film-coated Tablets:
Each film-coated tablet contains 0.5,1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 mg of risperidone
Excipients:
Each 0.5 mg film-coated tablet contains 91 mg lactose
Each 1 mg film-coated tablet contains 131 mg lactose
Each 2 mg film-coated tablet contains 130 mg lactose and 0.05 mg sunset yellow (E110)
Each 3 mg film-coated tablet contains 195 mg lactose
Each 4 mg film-coated tablet contains 260 mg lactose
Each 6 mg film-coated tablet contains 115 mg lactose and 0.01 mg sunset yellow (E110)
Oral Solution:
1 ml oral solution contains 1 mg of risperidone
Orodispersible Tablets:
Each orodispersible tablet contains 0.5,1,2,3 or 4 mg of risperidone
Excipients:
Each 0.5 mg orodispersible tablet contains 0.25 mg aspartame (E951)
Each 1 mg orodispersible tablet contains 0.5 mg aspartame (E951)
Each 2 mg orodispersible tablet contains 0.75 mg aspartame (E951)
Each 3 mg orodispersible tablet contains 1.125 mg aspartame (E951)
Each 4 mg orodispersible tablet contains 1.5 mg aspartame (E951)
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
Film-coated tablet
0.5 mg risperidone as brownish-red half-scored oblong biconvex tablets.
1 mg risperidone as white half-scored oblong tablets.
2 mg risperidone as orange half-scored oblong tablets.
3 mg risperidone as yellow half-scored oblong tablets
4 mg risperidone as green half-scored oblong tablets.
6 mg risperidone as yellow circular biconvex tablets.
The score line is only to facilitate breaking for ease of swallowing and not to divide into equal doses.
Oral solution.
The solution is clear and colourless
Orodispersible tablet
0.5 mg risperidone as light coral, round, biconvex tablets
1 mg risperidone as light coral, square, biconvex tablets
2 mg risperidone as coral, square, biconvex tablets
3 mg risperidone as coral, round, biconvex tablets
4 mg risperidone as coral, round, biconvex tablets
Oro-dispersible tablets are etched on one side with R 0.5, R1, R2, R3, and R4 respectively.
RISPERDAL is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia.
RISPERDAL is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe manic episodes associated with bipolar disorders.
RISPERDAL is indicated for the short-term treatment (up to 6 weeks) of persistent aggression in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's dementia unresponsive to non-pharmacological approaches and when there is a risk of harm to self or others.
RISPERDAL is indicated for the short-term symptomatic treatment (up to 6 weeks) of persistent aggression in conduct disorder in children from the age of 5 years and adolescents with subaverage intellectual functioning or mental retardation diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, in whom the severity of aggressive or other disruptive behaviours require pharmacologic treatment. Pharmacological treatment should be an integral part of a more comprehensive treatment programme, including psychosocial and educational intervention. It is recommended that risperidone be prescribed by a specialist in child neurology and child and adolescent psychiatry or physicians well familiar with the treatment of conduct disorder of children and adolescents.
Schizophrenia
Adults
RISPERDAL may be given once daily or twice daily.
Patients should start with 2 mg/day risperidone. The dosage may be increased on the second day to 4 mg. Subsequently, the dosage can be maintained unchanged, or further individualised, if needed. Most patients will benefit from daily doses between 4 and 6 mg. In some patients, a slower titration phase and a lower starting and maintenance dose may be appropriate.
Doses above 10 mg/day have not demonstrated superior efficacy to lower doses and may cause increased incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms. Safety of doses above 16 mg/day has not been evaluated, and are therefore not recommended.
Elderly
A starting dose of 0.5 mg twice daily is recommended. This dosage can be individually adjusted with 0.5 mg twice daily increments to 1 to 2 mg twice daily.
Paediatric population
Risperidone is not recommended for use in children below age 18 with schizophrenia due to a lack of data on efficacy.
Manic episodes in bipolar disorder
Adults
RISPERDAL should be administered on a once daily schedule, starting with 2 mg risperidone. Dosage adjustments, if indicated, should occur at intervals of not less than 24 hours and in dosage increments of 1 mg per day. Risperidone can be administered in flexible doses over a range of 1 to 6 mg per day to optimize each patient's level of efficacy and tolerability. Daily doses over 6 mg risperidone have not been investigated in patients with manic episodes.
As with all symptomatic treatments, the continued use of RISPERDAL must be evaluated and justified on an ongoing basis.
Elderly
A starting dose of 0.5 mg twice daily is recommended. This dosage can be individually adjusted with 0.5 mg twice daily increments to 1 to 2 mg twice daily. Since clinical experience in elderly is limited, caution should be exercised.
Paediatric population
Risperidone is not recommended for use in children below age 18 with bipolar mania due to a lack of data on efficacy.
Persistent aggression in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's dementia
A starting dose of 0.25 mg twice daily is recommended. This dosage can be individually adjusted by increments of 0.25 mg twice daily, not more frequently than every other day, if needed. The optimum dose is 0.5 mg twice daily for most patients. Some patients, however, may benefit from doses up to 1 mg twice daily.
RISPERDAL should not be used more than 6 weeks in patients with persistent aggression in Alzheimer's dementia. During treatment, patients must be evaluated frequently and regularly, and the need for continuing treatment reassessed.
Conduct disorder
Children and adolescents from 5 to 18 years of age
For subjects
As with all symptomatic treatments, the continued use of RISPERDAL must be evaluated and justified on an ongoing basis.
RISPERDAL is not recommended in children less than 5 years of age, as there is no experience in children less than 5 years of age with this disorder.
Renal and hepatic impairment
Patients with renal impairment have less ability to eliminate the active antipsychotic fraction than in adults with normal renal function. Patients with impaired hepatic function have increases in plasma concentration of the free fraction of risperidone.
Irrespective of the indication, starting and consecutive dosing should be halved, and dose titration should be slower for patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
RISPERDAL should be used with caution in these groups of patients.
Method of administration
RISPERDAL is for oral use. Food does not affect the absorption of RISPERDAL.
Upon discontinuation, gradual withdrawal is advised. Acute withdrawal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, sweating, and insomnia have very rarely been described after abrupt cessation of high doses of antipsychotic medicines (see section 4.8). Recurrence of psychotic symptoms may also occur, and the emergence of involuntary movement disorders (such as akathisia, dystonia and dyskinesia) has been reported.
Switching from other antipsychotics.
When medically appropriate, gradual discontinuation of the previous treatment while RISPERDAL therapy is initiated is recommended. Also, if medically appropriate, when switching patients from depot antipsychotics, initiate RISPERDAL therapy in place of the next scheduled injection. The need for continuing existing anti-Parkinson medicines should be re-evaluated periodically.
RISPERDAL oral solution:
For instructions on handling RISPERDAL oral solution see section 6.6.
RISPERDAL orodispersible tablets:
Do not open the blister until ready to administer. Peel open the blister to expose the tablet. Do not push the tablet through the foil because it may break. Remove the tablet from the blister with dry hands.
Immediately place the tablet on the tongue. The tablet will begin disintegrating within seconds. Water may be used if desired.
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.
Elderly patients with dementia
Increased mortality in elderly people with dementia
In a meta-analysis of 17 controlled trials of atypical antipsychotic drugs, including RISPERDAL, elderly patients with dementia treated with atypical antipsychotics have an increased mortality compared to placebo. In placebo-controlled trials with oral RISPERDAL in this population, the incidence of mortality was 4.0% for RISPERDAL-treated patients compared to 3.1% for placebo-treated patients. The odds ratio (95% exact confidence interval) was 1.21 (0.7, 2.1). The mean age (range) of patients who died was 86 years (range 67-100). Data from two large observational studies showed that elderly people with dementia who are treated with conventional antipsychotics are also at a small increased risk of death compared with those who are not treated. There are insufficient data to give a firm estimate of the precise magnitude of the risk and the cause of the increased risk is not known. The extent to which the findings of increased mortality in observational studies may be attributed to the antipsychotic drug as opposed to some characteristic(s) of the patients is not clear.
Concomitant use with furosemide
In the RISPERDAL placebo-controlled trials in elderly patients with dementia, a higher incidence of mortality was observed in patients treated with furosemide plus risperidone (7.3%; mean age 89 years, range 75-97) when compared to patients treated with risperidone alone (3.1%; mean age 84 years, range 70-96) or furosemide alone (4.1%; mean age 80 years, range 67-90). The increase in mortality in patients treated with furosemide plus risperidone was observed in two of the four clinical trials. Concomitant use of risperidone with other diuretics (mainly thiazide diuretics used in low dose) was not associated with similar findings.
No pathophysiological mechanism has been identified to explain this finding, and no consistent pattern for cause of death observed. Nevertheless, caution should be exercised and the risks and benefits of this combination or co-treatment with other potent diuretics should be considered prior to the decision to use. There was no increased incidence of mortality among patients taking other diuretics as concomitant treatment with risperidone. Irrespective of treatment, dehydration was an overall risk factor for mortality and should therefore be carefully avoided in elderly patients with dementia.
Cerebrovascular Adverse Events (CVAE)
An approximately 3-fold increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse events have been seen in randomised placebo controlled clinical trials in the dementia population with some atypical antipsychotics. The pooled data from six placebo-controlled studies with RISPERDAL in mainly elderly patients (>65 years of age) with dementia showed that CVAEs (serious and non-serious, combined) occurred in 3.3% (33/1009) of patients treated with risperidone and 1.2% (8/712) of patients treated with placebo. The odds ratio (95% exact confidence interval) was 2.96 (1.34, 7.50). The mechanism for this increased risk is not known. An increased risk cannot be excluded for other antipsychotics or other patient populations. RISPERDAL should be used with caution in patients with risk factors for stroke.
The risk of CVAEs was significantly higher in patients with mixed or vascular type of dementia when compared to Alzheimer's dementia. Therefore, patients with other types of dementias than Alzheimer's should not be treated with risperidone.
Physicians are advised to assess the risks and benefits of the use of RISPERDAL in elderly patients with dementia, taking into account risk predictors for stroke in the individual patient. Patients/caregivers should be cautioned to immediately report signs and symptoms of potential CVAEs such as sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arms or legs, and speech or vision problems. All treatment options should be considered without delay, including discontinuation of risperidone.
RISPERDAL should only be used short term for persistent aggression in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's dementia to supplement non-pharmacological approaches which have had limited or no efficacy and when there is potential risk of harm to self or others.
Patients should be reassessed regularly, and the need for continuing treatment reassessed.
Orthostatic hypotension
Due to the alpha-blocking activity of risperidone, (orthostatic) hypotension can occur, especially during the initial dose-titration period. Clinically significant hypotension has been observed postmarketing with concomitant use of risperidone and antihypertensive treatment. RISPERDAL should be used with caution in patients with known cardiovascular disease (e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, conduction abnormalities, dehydration, hypovolemia, or cerebrovascular disease), and the dosage should be gradually titrated as recommended (see section 4.2). A dose reduction should be considered if hypotension occurs.
Tardive dyskinesia/extrapyramidal symptoms (TD/EPS)
Medicines with dopamine receptor antagonistic properties have been associated with the induction of tardive dyskinesia characterised by rhythmical involuntary movements, predominantly of the tongue and/or face. The onset of extrapyramidal symptoms is a risk factor for tardive dyskinesia. If signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear, the discontinuation of all antipsychotics should be considered.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, characterised by hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, autonomic instability, altered consciousness and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels has been reported to occur with antipsychotics. Additional signs may include myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis) and acute renal failure. In this event, all antipsychotics, including RISPERDAL, should be discontinued.
Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
Physicians should weigh the risks versus the benefits when prescribing antipsychotics, including RISPERDAL, to patients with Parkinson's Disease or Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). Parkinson's Disease may worsen with risperidone. Both groups may be at increased risk of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome as well as having an increased sensitivity to antipsychotic medicinal products; these patients were excluded from clinical trials. Manifestation of this increased sensitivity can include confusion, obtundation, postural instability with frequent falls, in addition to extrapyramidal symptoms.
Hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycaemia, diabetes mellitus and exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes have been reported during treatment with RISPERDAL. In some cases, a prior increase in body weight has been reported which may be a predisposing factor. Association with ketoacidosis has been reported very rarely, and rarely with diabetic coma. Appropriate clinical monitoring is advisable in accordance with utilised antipsychotic guidelines. Patients treated with any atypical antipsychotic, including RISPERDAL should be monitored for symptoms of hyperglycaemia (such as polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weakness) and patients with diabetes mellitus should be monitored regularly for worsening of glucose control.
Weight gain
Significant weight gain has been reported with RISPERDAL use. Weight should be monitored regularly.
Hyperprolactinaemia
Tissue culture studies suggest that cell growth in human breast tumours may be stimulated by prolactin. Although no clear association with the administration of antipsychotics has so far been demonstrated in clinical and epidemiological studies, caution is recommended in patients with relevant medical history. RISPERDAL should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing hyperprolactinaemia and in patients with possible prolactin-dependent tumours.
QT prolongation
QT prolongation has very rarely been reported postmarketing. As with other antipsychotics, caution should be exercised when risperidone is prescribed in patients with known cardiovascular disease, family history of QT prolongation, bradycardia, or electrolyte disturbances (hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia), as it may increase the risk of arrhythmogenic effects, and in concomitant use with medicines known to prolong the QT interval.
Seizures
RISPERDAL should be used cautiously in patients with a history of seizures or other conditions that potentially lower the seizure threshold.
Priapism
Priapism may occur with RISPERDAL treatment due to its alpha-adrenergic blocking effects.
Body temperature regulation
Disruption of the body's ability to reduce core body temperature has been attributed to antipsychotic medicines. Appropriate care is advised when prescribing RISPERDAL to patients who will be experiencing conditions which may contribute to an elevation in core body temperature, e.g., exercising strenuously, exposure to extreme heat, receiving concomitant treatment with anticholinergic activity, or being subject to dehydration.
Venous thromboembolism
Cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been reported with antipsychotic drugs. Since patients treated with antipsychotics often present with acquired risk factors for VTE, all possible risk factors for VTE should be identified before and during treatment with RISPERDAL and preventative measures undertaken.
Children and adolescents
Before risperidone is prescribed to a child or adolescent with conduct disorder they should be fully assessed for physical and social causes of the aggressive behaviour such as pain or inappropriate environmental demands.
The sedative effect of risperidone should be closely monitored in this population because of possible consequences on learning ability. A change in the time of administration of risperidone could improve the impact of the sedation on attention faculties of children and adolescents.
Risperidone was associated with mean increases in body weight and body mass index (BMI). Changes in height in the long-term open-label extension studies were within expected age-appropriate norms. The effect of long-term risperidone treatment on sexual maturation and height have not been adequately studied.
Because of the potential effects of prolonged hyperprolactinemia on growth and sexual maturation in children and adolescents, regular clinical evaluation of endocrinological status should be considered, including measurements of height, weight, sexual maturation, monitoring of menstrual functioning, and other potential prolactin-related effects.
During treatment with risperidone regular examination for extrapyramidal symptoms and other movement disorders should also be conducted.
For specific posology recommendations in children and adolescents see Section 4.2.
Excipients
The film-coated tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
The 2 mg and 6 mg film-coated tablets contain sunset yellow (E110). May cause allergic reactions.
The orodispersible tablets contain aspartame. Aspartame is a source of phenylalanine which may be harmful for people with phenylketonuria.
As with other antipsychotics, caution is advised when prescribing risperidone with medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval, e.g., class Ia antiarrhythmics (e.g., quinidine, dysopiramide, procainamide), class III antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol), tricyclic antidepressant (i.e., amitriptyline), tetracyclic antidepressants (i.e., maprotiline), some antihistaminics, other antipsychotics, some antimalarials (i.e., chinice and mefloquine), and with medicines causing electrolyte imbalance (hypokalaemia, hypomagnesiaemia), bradycardia, or those which inhibit the hepatic metabolism of risperidone. This list is indicative and not exhaustive.
Potential for RISPERDAL to affect other medicinal products
Risperidone should be used with caution in combination with other centrally-acting substances notably including alcohol, opiates, antihistamines and benzodiazepines due to the increased risk of sedation.
RISPERDAL may antagonise the effect of levodopa and other dopamine agonists. If this combination is deemed necessary, particularly in end-stage Parkinson's disease, the lowest effective dose of each treatment should be prescribed.
Clinically significant hypotension has been observed postmarketing with concomitant use of risperidone and antihypertensive treatment.
RISPERDAL does not show a clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of lithium, valproate, digoxin or topiramate.
Potential for other medicinal products to affect RISPERDAL
Carbamazepine has been shown to decrease the plasma concentrations of the active antipsychotic fraction of risperidone. Similar effects may be observed with e.g. rifampicin, phenytoin and phenobarbital which also induce CYP 3A4 hepatic enzyme as well as P-glycoprotein. When carbamazepine or other CYP 3A4 hepatic enzyme/P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inducers are initiated or discontinued, the physician should re-evaluate the dosing of RISPERDAL.
Fluoxetine and paroxetine, CYP 2D6 inhibitors, increase the plasma concentration of risperidone, but less so of the active antipsychotic fraction. It is expected that other CYP 2D6 inhibitors, such as quinidine, may affect the plasma concentrations of risperidone in a similar way. When concomitant fluoxetine or paroxetine is initiated or discontinued, the physician should re-evaluate the dosing of RISPERDAL.
Verapamil, an inhibitor of CYP 3A4 and P-gp, increases the plasma concentration of risperidone.
Galantamine and donepezil do not show a clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and on the active antipsychotic fraction.
Phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, and some beta-blockers may increase the plasma concentrations of risperidone but not those of the active antipsychotic fraction. Amitriptyline does not affect the pharmacokinetics of risperidone or the active antipsychotic fraction. Cimetidine and ranitidine increase the bioavailability of risperidone, but only marginally that of the active antipsychotic fraction. Erythromycin, a CYP 3A4 inhibitor, does not change the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and the active antipsychotic fraction.
The combined use of psychostimulants (e.g., methylphenidate) with RISPERDAL in children and adolescents did not alter the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of RISPERDAL.
See section 4.4 regarding increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia concomitantly receiving furosemide.
Concomitant use of oral RISPERDAL with paliperidone is not recommended as paliperidone is the active metabolite of risperidone and the combination of the two may lead to additive active antipsychotic fraction exposure.
Pregnancy
There are no adequate data from the use of risperidone in pregnant women. According to postmarketing data reversible extrapyramidal symptoms in the neonate were observed following the use of risperidone during the last trimester of pregnancy. Consequently newborns should be monitored carefully. Risperidone was not teratogenic in animal studies but other types of reproductive toxicity were seen (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Therefore, RISPERDAL should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary. If discontinuation during pregnancy is necessary, it should not be done abruptly.
Lactation
In animal studies, risperidone and 9-hydroxy-risperidone are excreted in the milk. It has been demonstrated that risperidone and 9-hydroxy-risperidone are also excreted in human breast milk in small quantities. There are no data available on adverse reactions in breast-feeding infants. Therefore, the advantage of breast-feeding should be weighed against the potential risks for the child.
RISPERDAL can have minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines due to potential nervous system and visual effects (see section 4.8). Therefore, patients should be advised not to drive or operate machinery until their individual susceptibility is known.
The most frequently reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (incidence
The following are all the ADRs that were reported in clinical trials and postmarketing. The following terms and frequencies are applied: very common (
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
a Hyperprolactinemia can in some cases lead to gynaecomastia, menstrual disturbances, amenorrhoea, galactorrhea.
b Extrapyramidal disorder may occur: Parkinsonism (salivary hypersecretion, musculoskeletal stiffness, parkinsonism, drooling, cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, masked facies, muscle tightness, akinesia, nuchal rigidity, muscle rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and glabellar reflex abnormal),akathisia ( akathisia, restlessness, hyperkinesia, and restless leg syndrome), tremor, dyskinesia (dyskinesia, muscle twitching, choreoathetosis, athetosis, and myoclonus), dystonia.
Dystonia includes dystonia, muscle spasms, hypertonia, torticollis, muscle contractions involuntary, muscle contracture, blepharospasm, oculogyration, tongue paralysis, facial spasm, laryngospasm, myotonia, opisthotonus, oropharyngeal spasm, pleurothotonus, tongue spasm, and trismus. Tremor includes tremor and parkinsonian rest tremor. It should be noted that a broader spectrum of symptoms are included, that do not necessarily have an extrapyramidal origin.
cIn placebo-controlled trials diabetes mellitus was reported in 0.18%
